When Was Paul Revere Born Paul Revere's Family

This article is nearly the 18th-century American activist and artisan. For other uses, see Paul Revere (disambiguation).

American silversmith and Patriot in the American Revolution

Paul Revere
John Singleton Copley, Portrait of Paul Revere. c. 1768–1770
Born	(1735-01-01)January 1, 1735 (O.Due south.: December 21, 1734) North End, Boston, Massachusetts Bay, British America
Died	May 10, 1818(1818-05-x) (aged 83) Boston, Massachusetts, U.Southward.
Occupation	Silversmith, colonial militia officer
Political political party	Federalist
Spouse(south)	Sarah Orne (1757–1773; her expiry) Rachel Walker (1773–1813; her death)
Children	8 with Sarah Orne viii with Rachel Walker
Signature

Paul Revere (; December 21, 1734 O.Due south. (Jan 1, 1735 N.S.)^{[Due north 1]} – May 10, 1818) was an American silversmith, engraver, early industrialist, Sons of Liberty member and Patriot in the American Revolution. He is best known for his midnight ride to alert the colonial militia in Apr 1775 to the arroyo of British forces before the battles of Lexington and Concur, as dramatized in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 1861 poem, "Paul Revere'southward Ride".

At age 41, Revere was a prosperous, established and prominent Boston silversmith. He had helped organize an intelligence and warning arrangement to continue watch on the British military. Revere later served equally a Massachusetts militia officeholder, though his service ended after the Penobscot Expedition, one of the most disastrous campaigns of the American Revolutionary State of war, for which he was absolved of blame.

Following the war, Revere returned to his silversmith merchandise. He used the profits from his expanding concern to finance his work in iron casting, bronze bell and cannon casting, and the forging of copper bolts and spikes. In 1800, he became the first American to successfully ringlet copper into sheets for use every bit sheathing on naval vessels.

Early on life and instruction

Revere was born in the Due north End of Boston on December 21, 1734, according to the Sometime Style agenda then in use, or January 1, 1735, in the modernistic agenda.^[iii] His father, a French Huguenot built-in Apollos Rivoire, came to Boston at the age of 13 and was apprenticed to the silversmith John Coney.^[4] By the time he married Deborah Hitchborn, a fellow member of a long-continuing Boston family that endemic a small-scale shipping wharf, in 1729, Rivoire had anglicized his name to Paul Revere. Their son, Paul Revere, was the 3rd of 12 children and somewhen the eldest surviving son.^[2] Revere grew upward in the surround of the extended Hitchborn family, and never learned his father's native language.^[5] At xiii he left school and became an apprentice to his begetter. The silversmith trade afforded him connections with a cross-section of Boston society, which would serve him well when he became active in the American Revolution.^{[half dozen]} As for religion, although his father attended Puritan services, Revere was drawn to the Church building of England.^[7] In 1750, aged fifteen, Revere was part of the first group of change ringers to ring the new bells (cast in 1744) at Christ Church, in the n of Boston (the Old Northward Church building).^{[8] [9]} Revere eventually began attention the services of the political and provocative Jonathan Mayhew at the West Church.^[7] His father did not corroborate, and as a consequence male parent and son came to blows on one occasion. Revere relented and returned to his father'due south church, although he did become friends with Mayhew, and returned to the West Church in the late 1760s.^[10]

Revere'due south father died in 1754, when Paul was legally too young to officially be the principal of the family unit silvery shop.^[11] In February 1756, during the French and Indian War (the Northward American theater of the Seven Years' War), he enlisted in the provincial ground forces. Possibly he made this decision considering of the weak economy, since ground forces service promised consistent pay.^[12] Commissioned a second lieutenant in a provincial arms regiment, he spent the summer at Fort William Henry at the southern end of Lake George in New York as part of an abortive program for the capture of Fort St. Frédéric. He did not stay long in the ground forces, but returned to Boston and causeless control of the silverish store in his own name. On August 4, 1757, he married Sarah Orne (1736–1773); their first child was built-in 8 months afterward.^[13] He and Sarah had eight children, but two died young, and only one, Mary, survived her male parent.^[14]

1765–1774: the gathering storm of revolution

Revere'south business began to endure when the British economy entered a recession in the years post-obit the 7 Years' War, and declined further when the Postage Act of 1765 resulted in a further downturn in the Massachusetts economic system.^[15] Business organization was and so poor that an attempt was made to seize his belongings in tardily 1765.^[16] To help make ends meet he even took upwards dentistry, a skill set he was taught by a practicing surgeon who lodged at a friend's house.^[17] Ane client was Joseph Warren, a local doctor and political opposition leader with whom Revere formed a close friendship.^{[xviii] [19]} Revere and Warren, in addition to having common political views, were also both active in the same local Masonic lodges.^[20]

Although Revere was not one of the "Loyal 9"—organizers of the earliest protests against the Postage stamp Human activity—he was well connected with its members, who were laborers and artisans.^[21] Revere did not participate in some of the more raucous protests, such as the attack on the dwelling house of Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson.^[22] In 1765, a group of militants who would become known as the Sons of Liberty formed, of which Revere was a fellow member.^{[23] [24]} From 1765 on, in back up of the dissident crusade, he produced engravings and other artifacts with political themes. Among these engravings are a depiction of the arrival of British troops in 1768 (which he termed "an insolent parade") and a famous depiction of the March 1770 Boston Massacre (meet illustration). Although the latter was engraved past Revere and he included the inscription, "Engraved, Printed, & Sold by Paul Revere Boston", it was modeled on a cartoon by Henry Pelham, and Revere's engraving of the cartoon was colored by a third man and printed by a fourth.^[25] Revere as well produced a bowl commemorating the Massachusetts assembly's refusal to retract the Massachusetts Circular Alphabetic character. (This letter, adopted in response to the 1767 Townshend Acts, called for united colonial activeness against the acts. Rex George Iii had issued a demand for its retraction.)^[25]

The Bloody Massacre Perpetrated in King Street Boston on March 5, 1770, a copper engraving by Paul Revere modeled on a drawing by Henry Pelham,^[26] 1770.

In 1770 Revere purchased a house on N Square in Boston'due south Due north End. Now a museum, the house provided space for his growing family while he continued to maintain his shop at nearby Clark's Wharf.^[27] Sarah died in 1773, and on Oct 10 of that yr, Revere married Rachel Walker (1745–1813). They had eight children, three of whom died young.^[28]

In Nov 1773 the merchant transport Dartmouth arrived in Boston harbor carrying the first shipment of tea made nether the terms of the Tea Deed.^[29] This act authorized the British E Republic of india Company to send tea (of which it had huge surpluses due to colonial boycotts organized in response to the Townshend Acts) directly to the colonies, bypassing colonial merchants. Passage of the deed prompted calls for renewed protests against the tea shipments, on which Townshend duties were still levied.^[30] Revere and Warren, as members of the informal North End Caucus, organized a watch over the Dartmouth to prevent the unloading of the tea. Revere took his turns on guard duty,^[31] and was i of the ringleaders in the Boston Tea Party of Dec 16, when colonists dumped tea from the Dartmouth and two other ships into the harbor.^[32]

From December 1773 to Nov 1775, Revere served as a courier for the Boston Committee of Public Safety, traveling to New York and Philadelphia to study on the political unrest in Boston. Research has documented xviii such rides. Discover of some of them was published in Massachusetts newspapers, and British authorities received farther intelligence of them from Loyalist Americans.^[33] In 1774, his cousin John on the island of Guernsey wrote to Paul that John had seen reports of Paul's role as an "express" (courier) in London newspapers.^[34]

In 1774, the war machine governor of Massachusetts, Full general Thomas Gage, dissolved the provincial associates on orders from Groovy U.k.. Governor Cuff as well closed the port of Boston and all over the city forced private citizens to quarter (provide lodging for) soldiers in their homes.^{[Northward 2]}

During this fourth dimension, Revere and a group of xxx "mechanics" began meeting in secret at his favorite haunt, the Green Dragon, to coordinate the gathering and dissemination of intelligence by "watching the Movements of British Soldiers".^[35] Around this time Revere regularly contributed politically charged engravings to the recently founded Patriot monthly, Majestic American Magazine.^[36]

He rode to Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in December 1774 upon rumors of an impending landing of British troops there, a journey known in history as the Portsmouth Alarm.^[37] Although the rumors were false, his ride sparked a rebel success past provoking locals to raid Fort William and Mary, defended by only six soldiers, for its gunpowder supply.^[38]

"Midnight Ride"

State of war years

Because Boston was besieged after the battles of Lexington and Agree, Revere could non return to the city, which was now firmly in British easily. He boarded in Watertown, where he was somewhen joined by Rachel and nigh of his children (Paul Jr., then 15, remained in Boston to mind the family properties).^[39] After he was denied a commission in the Continental Army, he tried to notice other ways to exist useful to the rebel cause. He was retained past the provincial congress as a courier, and he printed local currency which the congress used to pay the troops effectually Boston.^[40]

An eight-pence bill engraved and printed by Revere in 1778. The engraving of the pine tree on the verso (back of the bill) is likely the work of silversmith and engraver Nathaniel Hurd.^{[41] [42]}

Since there was a desperate shortage of gunpowder, the provincial congress decided in November 1775 to ship him to Philadelphia to study the working of the only powder mill in the colonies, in the hopes that he might be able to build a second ane in Massachusetts. Revere called on the factory's owner, Oswald Eve, armed with a letter from Continental Congressmen Robert Morris and John Dickinson asking Eve to "Chearfully & from Public Spirited Motives give Mr. Revere such data equally will inable him to Conduct the business on his return home."^{[43] [44]} Eve showed Revere around the manufactory, but refused to give him detailed drawings unless he was first paid a substantial ransom. Despite this chilly reception, Revere was able to discern useful information from the visit. He also caused, through the piece of work of Samuel Adams, plans for another powder mill. This information enabled Revere to fix up a powder factory at Stoughton (nowadays-twenty-four hours County).^{[43] [45]} The mill produced tons of gunpowder for the Patriot cause.^[46]

Revere's friend and compatriot Joseph Warren was killed in the Battle of Bunker Colina on June 17, 1775.^[47] Because soldiers killed in boxing were often buried in mass graves without anniversary, Warren's grave was unmarked. On March 21, 1776, several days after the British ground forces left Boston, Revere, Warren's brothers, and a few friends went to the battlefield and establish a grave containing ii bodies.^[48] After being buried for nine months, Warren's face was unrecognizable, merely Revere was able to identify Warren's body because he had placed a false tooth in Warren's mouth, and recognized the wire he had used for fastening information technology. Warren was given a proper funeral and reburied in a marked grave.^[49]

Militia service

Upon returning to Boston in 1776, Revere was commissioned a major of infantry in the Massachusetts militia in that April, and transferred to the arms a month later on.^[l] In November he was promoted to lieutenant colonel, and was stationed at Castle William, defending Boston harbor. He was generally 2d or tertiary in the chain of control, and on several occasions he was given control of the fort.^[50] He applied his engineering skills to maintaining the fort's armaments, even designing and building a caliper to accurately measure cannonballs and cannon bore holes.^[50] The service at Castle William was relatively isolated, and personality friction prompted some men to file complaints confronting Revere.^[51] The boredom was alleviated in belatedly August 1777 when Revere was sent with a troop of soldiers to escort prisoners taken in the Battle of Bennington to Boston, where they were confined on lath prison ships,^{[52] [53]} and again in September when he was briefly deployed to Rhode Island.^[54]

Drawing depicting the arrival of the French fleet in Narragansett Bay in 1778

In August 1778 Revere's regiment served in a combined Franco-American expedition whose objective was to capture the British base at Newport, Rhode Island.^[55] His regiment was responsible for erecting and maintaining artillery batteries on Aquidneck Island.^[56] The try was abandoned by the French when their fleet was scattered in a storm, and Revere's regiment returned to Boston before the British sortied from Newport to force the Boxing of Rhode Island.^[57]

Penobscot disaster

The British in June 1779 established a new base on Penobscot Bay in present-twenty-four hour period Maine (which was then part of Massachusetts).^[58] Massachusetts government chosen out the militia, pressed into service available aircraft, and organized a major expedition to dislodge the British.^[59] The trek was a complete fiasco: its land and naval commanders squabbled over control of the trek, and could not agree on strategy or tactics. The arrival of British reinforcements led to the destruction of the entire Massachusetts fleet.^[60] Revere commanded the artillery units for the trek, and was responsible for organizing the arms railroad train.^[61] He participated in the taking of Bank's Island, from which artillery batteries could attain the British ships anchored before Fort George. He side by side oversaw the transport of the guns from Bank's Island to a new position on the heights of the Bagaduce Peninsula that allowable the fort.^[62] Although Revere was in favor of storming the fort, Brigadier General Solomon Lovell opted for a siege instead. Afterward further disagreements on how to keep between Lovell and armada commander Dudley Saltonstall, Lovell decided to return to the transports on August 12, a decision supported past Revere.^[63]

Belatedly the next day British sails were spotted. A mad scramble ensued, and on the 14th the fleet was in retreat heading up the Penobscot River. Revere and his men were put ashore with their stores, and their transports destroyed. At one bespeak Brigadier General Peleg Wadsworth ordered Revere to send his barge in an attempt to recover a transport drifting toward the enemy position. Revere at offset resisted, but eventually complied, and Wadsworth told him to expect formal charges over the affair.^[64] The incident separated Revere from his men. Moving overland, he eventually managed to regroup most of his troops, and returned to Boston on August 26. A variety of charges were fabricated against Revere, some of which were exaggerated assignments of arraign^[65] made past enemies he had made in his command at Castle William. The initial hearings on the matter in September 1779 were inconclusive, but he was asked to resign his post.^[65] He repeatedly sought a full court-martial to articulate his proper name, merely it was not until February 1782 that a court martial heard the result, exonerating him.^{[66] [67]}

Business and social connections

During the Revolutionary State of war, Revere continued his efforts to movement upwards in lodge into the gentry. After his failed efforts to become a military officer he attempted to get a merchant, but was hindered by a number of factors: while he was a fairly well-off member of the artisan course, he did not have the resources to beget the goods he would have sold every bit a merchant, nor were lenders in England willing to lend him the required startup capital. Other American merchants of the time were able to continue their business with colleagues in England. Nonetheless, Revere'due south inexperience as a merchant meant that he had not nonetheless established such relationships and was not able to communicate as finer on unfamiliar matters. Some other gene preventing Revere's success as a merchant was the economic climate of the fourth dimension period subsequently the state of war known as the Confederation Catamenia; while the colonies had seen a time of economic growth before the war, the colonies experienced a severe post-war depression, constraining the overall success of his business.^[68]

Revere Coat-of-Arms engraved past Paul Revere

While Revere struggled every bit a merchant, his success every bit a silversmith enabled him to pursue and leverage more advanced technological developments for the purposes of mass production. For example, rolling mills greatly improved the productivity of his silver shop and enabled his business concern to move further away from manufacturing high-stop customized products in lodge to focus instead on the production of a more standardized set of goods.^[69] In the 18th century, the standard of living continuously improved in America, as genteel goods became increasingly available to the masses.^[70] Revere responded particularly well to this trend considering his business organisation was not solely manufacturing custom, high end purchases. Smaller products like teaspoons and buckles accounted for the majority of his work, allowing him to build a broad customer base.^[71]

Revere's increased efficiency left financial and human resources bachelor for the exploration of other products, which was essential to overcoming the fluctuating post-war economic climate.^[72] In addition to increasing production, the flatting mill enabled Revere to move towards a more than managerial position.^[73]

Subsequently years: entrepreneurship, manufacturing, and politics

After the war, Revere became interested in metallic work beyond gold and silver. By 1788 he had invested some of the profits from his growing silverworking trade to construct a large furnace, which would allow him to piece of work with larger quantities of metals at higher temperatures. He shortly opened an atomic number 26 foundry in Boston's North Stop that produced utilitarian cast atomic number 26 items such equally stove backs, fireplace tools, and sash-window weights, marketed to a wide segment of Boston'south population. ^[74] Many of Revere'southward business organisation practices changed when he expanded his practice into ironworking, because he transitioned from just being an artisan to as well being an entrepreneur and a managing director. In order to brand this transition successfully, Revere had to invest substantial quantities of upper-case letter and time in his foundry.^[75]

Technological practices

The quasi-industrialization of his practice set Revere apart from his competition. "Revere's rapid foundry success resulted from fortuitous timing, innate technical aptitude, thorough enquiry, and the casting experience he gained from silverworking."^[76] This technical proficiency immune Revere to optimize his piece of work and adjust to a new technological and entrepreneurial model. Revere's location as well benefited his endeavors. Revere was entering the field of iron casting in a time when New England cities were becoming centers of industry. The nature of technological advocacy was such that many skilled entrepreneurs in a number of fields worked together, in what is known by Nathan Rosenberg as technological convergence, by which a number of companies piece of work together on challenges in order to spur advances.^[77] By accessing the knowledge of other nearby metal workers, Revere was able to successfully explore and master new technologies throughout his career.

Labor practices

One of the biggest changes for Revere in his new business concern was system of labor. In his earlier days, Revere primarily utilized the apprenticeship model standard for artisan shops at this time, but as his business concern expanded he hired employees (wage laborers) to work for his foundry. Many manufacturers of the era found this transition from master to employer hard considering many employees at the onset of the Industrial Revolution identified themselves as skilled workers, and thus wanted to be treated with the respect and autonomy accorded to artisans. An artisan himself, Revere managed to avoid many of these labor conflicts by adopting a arrangement of employment that still held trappings of the craft system in the grade of worker freedoms such as piece of work 60 minutes flexibility, wages in line with skill levels, and liquor on the task.^[78]

Manufacturing: church bells, cannon, and copper products

Afterward mastering the iron casting process and realizing substantial profits from this new product line, Revere identified a burgeoning market place for church bells in the religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening that followed the war. Beginning in 1792 he became 1 of America's best-known bell casters, working with sons Paul Jr. and Joseph Warren Revere in the firm Paul Revere & Sons. This firm cast the first bell made in Boston and ultimately produced hundreds of bells, a number of which remain in operation.^[79]

In 1794, Revere decided to take the adjacent footstep in the evolution of his business, expanding his statuary casting work by learning to bandage cannon for the federal authorities, state governments, and private clients. Although the authorities often had trouble paying him on time, its large orders inspired him to deepen his contracting and seek additional product lines of interest to the armed services.^[eighty]

Past 1795, a growing percent of his foundry'southward business organization came from a new product, copper bolts, spikes, and other fittings that he sold to merchants and the Boston naval thou for ship construction. In 1801, Revere became a pioneer in the production of rolled copper, opening North America's commencement copper mill due south of Boston in Canton. Copper from the Revere Copper Company was used to comprehend the original wooden dome of the Massachusetts Land Business firm in 1802. His copper and brass works eventually grew, through sale and corporate merger, into a large corporation, Revere Copper and Brass, Inc.^[81]

Steps towards standardized production

During his earlier days as an artisan, especially when working with silver products, Revere produced "bespoke" or customized goods. Equally he shifted to ironworking, he found the need to produce more standardized products, because this fabricated production cheaper.^[82] To achieve the beginnings of standardization, Revere used identical molds for casting, especially in the fabrication of mass-produced items such equally stoves, ovens, frames, and chimney backs.^[83] However, Revere did not totally embrace uniform product. For example, his bells and cannons were all unique products: these large objects required extensive fine-tuning and customization, and the small number of bells and cannon minimized the potential benefits of standardizing them.^[84] In add-on, fifty-fifty the products that he made in large quantities could not be truly standardized due to technological and skill limitations. His products were rarely (if ever) identical, merely his processes were well systematized. "He came to realize that the foundry oven melded the characteristics of tools and machines: information technology required skilled labor and could be used in a flexible manner to produce different products, but an adept could produce consistent output past following a standard set of production practices."^[76]

Freemasonry

Excerpt from membership register for Revere, Warren and Palfrey.

Revere was a Scottish Freemason. He was a fellow member of Order St Andrews, No.81, (Boston, Massachusetts). The Society continues to meet in Boston with the number 4 under and the jurisdiction of the Grand Order of Massachusetts. The engagement he joined the Social club is not known merely was sometime after the inauguration of the Lodge on St Andrew'due south Day, November 30, 1756 and May fifteen, 1769 when he is recorded in the G Lodge of Scotland membership register every bit the Lodge Secretary. Joseph Warren and William Palfrey are also recorded, on the same page, as members of the Gild and being Main and Senior Warden respectively. (run into prototype)^{[85] [86]}

He subsequently became the Grand Principal of the Freemasons of Massachusetts when a box containing an assemblage of commemorative items was deposited nether the cornerstone of the Massachusetts State House on July 4, 1795 by Governor Samuel Adams, assisted by Grand Master Revere and Deputy Grand Main, Colonel William Scollay.^[87]

Politics and terminal years

Revere remained politically agile throughout his life. His business plans in the late 1780s were often stymied by a shortage of acceptable money in circulation. Alexander Hamilton's national policies regarding banks and industrialization exactly matched his dreams, and he became an ardent Federalist committed to building a robust economy and a powerful nation. Of particular interest to Revere was the question of protective tariffs; he and his son sent a petition to Congress in 1808 request for protection for his sheet copper business.^[88] He continued to participate in local discussions of political issues even subsequently his retirement in 1811, and in 1814 circulated a petition offering the government the services of Boston's artisans in protecting Boston during the State of war of 1812.^[89] Revere died on May ten, 1818, at the age of 83, at his home on Lease Street in Boston.^[xc] He is cached in the Granary Burial Footing on Tremont Street.^{[91] [92]}

Legacy

After Revere's death, the family business organization was taken over past his oldest surviving son, Joseph Warren Revere.^[93] The copper works founded in 1801 continues today every bit the Revere Copper Company, with manufacturing divisions in Rome, New York and New Bedford, Massachusetts.^[94]

Revere'due south original silverware, engravings, and other works are highly regarded today, and tin can exist found on display in museums including the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston^[95] and the Metropolitan Museum of Art.^[96] The Revere Bell, presented in 1843 to the Church of St. Andrew in Singapore past his daughter, Mrs. Maria Revere Balestier, wife of American consul Joseph Balestier, is now displayed in the National Museum of Singapore. This is the only bell cast by the Revere foundry that is outside the United states of america. For a time, it was displayed behind velvet ropes in the lobby of the U.s.a. Embassy in Singapore.^[97]

The communities of Revere, Massachusetts^[98] and Revere, Minnesota^[99] bear his name, every bit exercise Revere Embankment^[98] in Revere, Massachusetts; Revere Avenue in The Bronx, New York Urban center;^[100] Paul Revere Road in Arlington, Massachusetts;^[101] and Paul Revere Apartments^[102] in Seattle.

A 25-cent 1958 U.South. postage stamp in the Liberty Series honors Paul Revere, featuring the portrait past Gilbert Stuart. He also appears on the $5,000 Serial EE U.Due south. Savings Bond.^[103] Ryan Reynolds releases a Mint Moble commercial that features Avery Revere, a direct descent of Paul Revere.^[104]

In popular civilisation

In episode 8 of the second season of the U.s.a. Tv set prove The West Wing (1999–2006), Paul Revere is named as the manufacturer of president Bartlet's pocketknife-set up he presents to Charlie, his personal aide.

Revere appears in the 2012 video game Assassin's Creed Iii and is portrayed by Bruce Dinsmore. It is fictitiously depicted as the game's protagonist Ratonhnaké:ton and Revere rode to alert the colonial militia.^[105]

Michael Raymond-James portrayed Revere on the History miniseries Sons of Freedom. ^[106]

Descendants

• Maria Revere Balestier, girl
• Paul Revere Jr. (3rd smashing-grandson)^[107]
• Paul Revere III (4th great-grandson)^[107]
  • Pauline Revere Thayer, daughter of Paul Revere III
• Avery Revere (fourth keen-granddaughter)^[107]

Meet likewise

• State of israel Bissell, who rode to Philadelphia with news of the battles of Lexington and Concord
• Sybil Ludington, who performed a similar ride in New York
• Jack Jouett, rode to warn Thomas Jefferson and the Virginia legislature of a British raid
• Revere Bells, 1 of Revere'southward highest-profile products
• Revere Copper Company, the business founded past Paul Revere and later managed by his son and grandsons
• Johnny Tremain, 1943 children's novel by Esther Forbes set in Boston prior to and during the outbreak of the Revolution

References

Notes

1. ^ Revere's date of birth is confused by the conversion betwixt the Julian and Gregorian calendars, which offsets the engagement by 11 days, and past the fact that only his baptism, not his actual birth was recorded. While his baptism was recorded on December 22, adjusting for the conversion between Julian and Gregorian calendars changes the date to Jan 1.^{[ane] [ii]}
2. ^ Forcing individual citizens to quarter soldiers in their homes would exist ane of the grievances enumerated in the United states of america Annunciation of Independence—[The Rex] "has combined with others to discipline us to a Jurisdiction foreign to our Constitution, and unacknowledged by our Laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation: For quartering large Bodies of Armed Troops among united states of america:..."—and the framers of the United States Constitution restricted the practise in the Third Amendment of the Nib of Rights.

Citations

1. ^ Gill 1891, pp. ten–xi. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGill1891 (help)
2. ^ ^{a b} Fischer 1994, p. 297.
3. ^ Triber 1998, p. seven.
4. ^ Triber 1998, pp. 7–ix.
5. ^ Fischer 1994, p. 9.
6. ^ Triber 1998, pp. 14–16.
7. ^ ^{a b} Miller 2010, p. 21.
8. ^ "Our Change Ringing Bells | The Onetime North Church". Retrieved January 31, 2020.
9. ^ "Bell Ringer's Agreement" (PDF). The Old North Church . Retrieved January 31, 2020.
10. ^ Miller 2010, pp. 25, 103.
11. ^ Triber 1998, p. 21.
12. ^ Triber 1998, pp. 21–22.
13. ^ Miller 2010, p. 33.
14. ^ Fischer 1994, pp. 15, 297.
15. ^ Triber 1998, pp. 38–43.
16. ^ Fischer 1994, p. 20.
17. ^ Miller 2010, p. 104.
18. ^ Martello 2010, p. 55.
19. ^ Triber 1998, p. 117.
20. ^ Triber 1998, p. 67.
21. ^ Triber 1998, p. 43.
22. ^ Triber 1998, pp. 46–47.
23. ^ Goss 1891, pp. 1:112–115.
24. ^ Triber 1998, pp. 36, 42.
25. ^ ^{a b} Fischer 1994, p. 22.
26. ^ Fischer 1994, p. 24 and note 53.
27. ^ Triber 1998, pp. 71–72.
28. ^ Forbes 1999, pp. 485–487.
29. ^ Goss 1891, p. 1:119.
30. ^ Alexander 2002, p. 120.
31. ^ Miller 2010, p. 163.
32. ^ Miller 2010, p. 165.
33. ^ Fischer 1994, pp. 27, 54, Appendix C.
34. ^ Triber 1998, p. 101.
35. ^ Miller 2010, p. 181.
36. ^ Goss 1891, pp. 1:83–100.
37. ^ New Hampshire's part in the Revolutionary War, WMUR-TV
38. ^ Fischer 1994, pp. 52–57.
39. ^ Triber 1998, p. 115.
40. ^ Miller 2010, pp. 201–208.
41. ^ "Early Paper Money of America, Massachusetts, 1776 Oct 18". Newman Numismatic Portal at Washington Academy in St. Louis. Retrieved June viii, 2021.
42. ^ Jordan, Louis, Massachusetts Currency, October 18, 1776-Codfish, Colonial Currency, University of Notre Dame, Department of Special Collections, retrieved June 8, 2021
43. ^ ^{a b} Martello 2010, p. 62.
44. ^ Gettemy 1905, p. 169.
45. ^ Triber 1998, p. 148.
46. ^ Miller 2010, p. 214.
47. ^ Miller 2010, p. 208.
48. ^ Ketchum 1999, p. 195.
49. ^ Miller 2010, p. 215.
50. ^ ^{a b c} Martello 2010, p. 80.
51. ^ Miller 2010, p. 217.
52. ^ Gettemy 1905, pp. 148–151.
53. ^ Drake 1899, p. 128.
54. ^ Gettemy 1905, pp. 152–153.
55. ^ Forbes 1999, p. 343.
56. ^ Triber 1998, p. 132.
57. ^ Triber 1998, p. 133.
58. ^ Miller 2010, p. 220.
59. ^ Triber 1998, pp. 134–135.
60. ^ Triber 1998, pp. 135–136.
61. ^ Miller 2010, pp. 224–225.
62. ^ Miller 2010, p. 229.
63. ^ Triber 1998, p. 136.
64. ^ Miller 2010, pp. 234–236.
65. ^ ^{a b} Triber 1998, pp. 136–138.
66. ^ Miller 2010, pp. 238–239.
67. ^ Triber 1998, p. 139.
68. ^ Martello 2010, p. 94.
69. ^ Martello 2010, pp. 107–110.
70. ^ Federhen 2010, p. 153. sfn mistake: no target: CITEREFFederhen2010 (help)
71. ^ Federhen 2010, p. 154. sfn fault: no target: CITEREFFederhen2010 (help)
72. ^ Falino 2001, p. 77.
73. ^ Martello 2010, pp. 111–114.
74. ^ Martello 2010, pp. 151–155.
75. ^ Martello 2010, p. 137.
76. ^ ^{a b} Martello 2010, p. 154.
77. ^ Martello 2010, p. 252.
78. ^ Martello 2010, pp. 276, 146.
79. ^ Martello 2010, pp. 168–171.
80. ^ Martello 2010, pp. 179–184.
81. ^ Martello 2010, pp. 331–332.
82. ^ Martello 2010, p. 155.
83. ^ Martello 2010, p. 141.
84. ^ Martello 2010, p. 301.
85. ^ Registration Volume No.ane (1736–1797), G Society of Scotland. Pp. 127 and 188.
86. ^ Nifty the Freemasons Code. Robert L D Cooper. 2006. ISBN 9781846040498.
87. ^ So, What Was In That Boston Time Capsule?, Rebecca Onion, Slate.com, January 6, 2015, accessed January viii, 2015
88. ^ Stanwood, Edward. American Tariff Controversies in the Nineteenth Century. pg. 117
89. ^ Miller 2010, p. 257.
90. ^ Miller 2010, p. 258.
91. ^ "Five Historic Cemeteries to Visit in Boston". October 21, 2016.
92. ^ PRMA 1988, p. 33.
93. ^ Miller 2010, pp. 255, 260.
94. ^ "About the Revere Copper Visitor". Revere Copper Company. Archived from the original on March 1, 2017. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
95. ^ "Boston Museum of Fine Arts Search for Paul Revere". Boston Museum of Fine Arts. Archived from the original on Baronial 4, 2012. Retrieved Apr 24, 2009.
96. ^ "Metropolitan Museum of Fine art Search for Paul Revere". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
97. ^ Patricia L. Herbold (May 18, 2006). Revere Bell Ceremony: Remarks past Ambassador Patricia L. Herbold (Spoken language). National Museum of Singapore: US Embassy in Singapore. Archived from the original on April 23, 2014.
98. ^ ^{a b} Schmidt 2002, p. 7.
99. ^ Upham 1920, p. 451.
100. ^ McNamara 1978.
101. ^ "Patriot's Day Events". National Lancers Foundation. Retrieved June eight, 2011.
102. ^ "Paul Revere Apartments". Retrieved April 20, 2016.
103. ^ "U.S. Savings Bond Images". United States Treasury. Retrieved Apr 24, 2009.
104. ^ Reynolds, Ryan. "Mint Mobile Commercial". Twitter.com. Mint Mobile. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
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106. ^ June 04, James Hibberd Updated; EDT, 2014 at 05:01 PM. "History's 'Sons of Liberty' miniseries casts Dean Norris, Ben Barnes, Henry Thomas". EW.com . Retrieved March i, 2022.
107. ^ ^{a b c} MacQuarrie, Brian. "Through his descendants, the legacy of Paul Revere gallops on". msn.com. Brain MacQuarrie. Retrieved September 12, 2020.

Bibliography

• Alexander, John (2002). Samuel Adams: America's Revolutionary Politician. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN9780742521148.
• Boatner, Mark Mayo, III (1975) [1964]. Encyclopedia of the American Revolution. Library of Military History. New York: David McKay. ISBN978-0-618-00194-one.
• Brooks, Victor (1999). The Boston Campaign: Apr 1775 – March 1776. Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: Combined Publishing. ISBN978-0-585-23453-3.
• Drake, Samuel Adams (1899). Historic Mansions and Highways Effectually Boston. Boston: Piddling, Brown. p. 128. OCLC 1838072.
• Falino, Jeannine (2001). "The Pride Which Pervades thro every Class": The Customers of Paul Revere. Boston, Massachusetts: University Press of Virginia.
• Federhen, Deborah (1988). From Artisan to Entrepreneur: Paul Revere's Silver Shop Operation. Boston, Massachusetts: Paul Revere Memorial Clan.
• Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere'southward ride . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN0-nineteen-508847-half-dozen. This work is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources apropos all aspects of the Revere's ride and the battles at Lexington and Concord.
• Forbes, Esther (1999) [1942]. Paul Revere and the World He Lived in . Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN978-0-618-00194-one.
• Gettemy, Charles (1905). The True Story of Paul Revere. Boston: Trivial, Dark-brown. OCLC 1375230.
• Goss, Elbridge Henry (1891). The Life of Colonel Paul Revere. Boston: J. Thou. Cupples. OCLC 3589045. (Volume ii)
• Ketchum, Robert (1999) [1974]. Decisive Day: The Boxing For Bunker Hill. New York: Henry Holt and Co. ISBN9780805060997.
• Martello, Robert (2010). Midnight Ride, Industrial Dawn: Paul Revere and the Growth of American Enterprise. Johns Hopkins Studies in the History of Engineering science. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
• McDonald, Forrest; McDonald, Ellen (Apr 1980). "The Ethnic Origins of the American People, 1790". The William and Mary Quarterly. Tertiary. 37 (2): 179–199. doi:10.2307/1919495. JSTOR 1919495.
• McNamara, John (1978). History in Asphalt: The Origin of Bronx Street and Place Names, Civic of the Bronx, New York Urban center. Fleischmanns, New York: Harbor Hill Books.
• Miller, Joel J. (2010). The Revolutionary Paul Revere. Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson. ISBN978-1-59555-074-iii.
• Murrin, John M.; et al. (2002) [1996]. Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, Volume I: To 1877. Florence, Kentucky: Wadsworth–Thomson Learning.
• Paul Revere, Artisan, Businessman and Patriot: The Human being Backside the Myth. Boston: Paul Revere Memorial Association (PRMA). 1988.
• Revere, Paul (1961). Paul Revere'due south Iii Accounts of His Famous Ride. Introduction by Edmund Morgan. Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society. ISBN978-0-9619999-0-2.
• Ruland, Richard; Bradbury, Malcolm (1991). From Puritanism to Postmodernism: A History of American Literature. New York: Viking.
• Schmidt, Leah A (2002). Revere Beach. Mount Pleasant, SC: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN978-0-7385-1030-9.
• Steblecki, Edith J. (1985). Paul Revere and Freemasonry. Boston: Paul Revere Memorial Clan (PRMA). OCLC 17485269.
• Triber, Jayne (1998). A True Republican: The Life of Paul Revere. Amherst, Massachusetts: Academy of Massachusetts Printing. ISBN978-1-55849-139-7.
• United States, National Archives and Records Service. Papers of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789. National Archives and Records Administration, General Services Administration.
• Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance. St. Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Order. OCLC 34232868.
• Waters, Deborah Dependahl (2013). A Handsome Closet of Plate: Early American Silvery in the Cahn Drove. Cambridge, England: John Adamson. ISBN978-1-898565-11-6.

External links

• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Revere, Paul". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
• Paul Revere Heritage Project
• The Paul Revere Firm
  • An interactive map showing the routes taken past Revere, Dawes, and Prescott
• Original copper engravings and other documents in collections of the Massachusetts State Archives
• Revere Rolling Factory – about the endangered original Revere copper works site in Canton, MA
• Booknotes interview with David Hackett Fischer on Paul Revere'south Ride, July 17, 1994.
• Works by or nearly Paul Revere at Internet Annal
• Works by Paul Revere at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)

peakgoon1974.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere